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COMPLIMENTS OF 
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The Founding 
of a Nation 



Foreword 



Virginia having always played such a prominent part in 
the history of the United States, we think it appropriate that 
we should, in some small measure, pay tribute to her achieve- 
ment. 

Virginia today more than ever is in the eyes of the world. 
It was Virginia that was the birth-place and the home of the 
first President of the infant United States of America, whose 
genius as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Armies made 
possible the first democracy of the world. 

It is again a Virginian, the present incumbent of the high 
ofifice of President of the United States of America, who, through 
his untiring efforts and unfailing courage, has made possible 
the long step towards World Democracy, brought almost 
within sight with the signing of the Peace Treaty and the 
proposed League of Nations. 

Virginia, in all, has furnished eight of the twenty-eight 
Presidents of the United States. Virginians have always 
been high in the councils of the country — always in the van 
in time of trouble, but prominent in peace no less than in war. 
The complete roster of famous Virginians would be too long to 
give here, but it includes such men as George Washington, 
Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, John Marshall, George Mason, 
Peyton Randolph, George Rogers Clark, Patrick Henry, Meri- 
wether Lewis, Richard Henry Lee, James Madison, Matthew 
Fontaine Maury, Robert E. Lee, J. E. B. Stuart, T. J. (Stonewall) 
Jackson, Joseph E. Johnston, Fitzhugh Lee, George H. Thomas, 
and now Woodrow Wilson, President and Statesman. 

:^ * * * 

During the World war Virginia furnished 73,062 men to 
the United States Army. 



The Founding of a Nation. 



The first permanent English speaking settlement on the 
American continent was founded at Jamestown, Virginia, on 
May 13, 1607, with a company of immigrants, reaching the shores 
of the new world on three ships, the "Susan Constant," 100 
tons; "God-Speed," 40 tons, and "Discovery," 20 tons. 

The new colony was named Virginia for Elizabeth, the 
virgin Queen of England. The first council appointed by King 
James I., were Bartholomew Gosnold, Captain John Smith, 
Edward Maria Wingfield, Christopher Newport, John Ratcliffe, 
John Martin and George Kendall. 

The strong man of the new colony was always John Smith. 
He several times saved the colony from disaster, and in Septem- 
ber, 1608, was made President of the colony. 

The charter under which the settlement of the colony of 
Virginia was first attempted was granted to the "London Com- 
pany" by King James I. On November 13, 1618, there was 
granted to the new colony a new charter "Of commissions or 
privileges, orders and laws," limiting the power of the governor 
of the colony and providing for a legislative body to be com- 
posed of Burgesses elected from the different settlements. 
This was the beginning of constitutional government in America, 
and the first House of Burgesses met at Jamestown on July 30, 
1619, at the call of Governor Yeardley. 

In 1619thepopulation of Virginia had increased to some 2,000 
souls, but as yet few women had come. In that year Sir Edward 
Sandys equipped a vessel, and induced ninety young women 
to emigrate to Virginia and marry. To pay their passage the 
lucky suitor had to give 1,000 pounds of tobacco. 

The first cultivation of tobacco in Virginia was by John 
Rolfe. The export of tobacco was the beginning of trade 



with the old world, and the tobacco industry was destined 
to be one of the foremost of the countn,'. The exports of 
tobacco in 1612 amounted to 20,000 pounds. 

Indian Massacres 

By 1622 the population of Virginia had largely increased, 
and believing in the friendliness of the Indians, had scattered, 
taking up land and building homes as far from Jamestown as 
the Falls of the James, where is now located Richmond. 

On March 22, 1622, the Indians, under Opechancanough, 
arose and fell upon the scattered settlements, and by night 
had massacred 347 persons. The immediate effect of this 
massacre was disastrous, as many of the settlements were 
abandoned and the people returned to Jamestown. However, 
they soon realized that the whites were strong enough to protect 
themselves and they reclaimed their settlements and planta- 
tions. 

In 1644 the last concerted massacre was attempted by 
the Indians on the upper waters of the York and Pamunkey 
Rivers, killing about 500 whites. After this there was no 
serious trouble with the Indians in Virginia. 

Virginia Grows 

In 1693 William and Mary College was founded at Williams- 
burg, and named for William and Mary, King and Queen of 
England. This was the second college founded on the American 
continent. 

In 1698 the capital and seat of government of the colony 
of Virginia was moved from Jamestown to Williamsburg. At 
the end of the century Virginia had a population of 70,000, 
and was rapidly advancing in prosperity and importance. 

In 1733 the city of Richmond, later the capital of Virginia, 
and capital of the Southern Confederacy, was founded and laid 
out by Colonel William Byrd. 

With constantly increasing population, industry and 
wealth, the American colonies, especially Virginia, were rapidly 
becoming more powerful. Virginia, was settled largely by 



Cavalier stock, who were essentially loyal to England, but 
nevertheless, keenly jealous of their inherent rights of freedom. 

Causes of the Revolution 

George III., who ascended the English throne in 1760, 
was one of the chief causes of discontent, which culminated 
in the revolution of the American colonies. One act which 
aroused the resentment of the colonies was the annulment by 
George III. of an act passed by the House of Burgesses providing 
that debts payable in tobacco could be settled in money at the 
rate of two pence per pound for tobacco. The clergymen had 
been receiving six pence per pound. They appealed to the 
King, and he annulled the law, whereupon Rev. James Maury 
brought suit in the county court of Hanover to obtain a debt 
due him, and although under the law the jury could return 
only one verdict, they named damages at one cent. Patrick 
Henry appeared in behalf of the people when this case came up. 

More serious trouble arose when Parliament laid a direct 
tax upon the people without the consent of the House of Bur- 
gesses. When this Act came up for discussion in the House of 
Burgesses, Patrick Henry offered a resolution declaring that 
only the House of Burgesses had a right to levy taxes, and that 
any attempt to take this power from the House of Burgesses 
was unconstitutional. The resolution went through, and, 
influenced by the action of the House of Burgesses of Virginia, 
other colonies adopted the same resolution, and everywhere 
such a determined spirit of opposition was shown against the 
Stamp Act that it was found impossible to put it into execution. 

In 1769 the House of Burgesses passed the Virginia resolves, 
in which they affirmed that the colonies alone had the right 
to tax themselves, and at a meeting at Williamsburg adopted 
an agreement not to import commodities from England until 
the duties were taken off. The non-importation agreement 
was presented to the House of Burgesses by George Washington, 
but was drawn up by George Mason. 

The action of Virginia was followed by other colonies, 
and the British Government, finding the colonies on the verge 



of rebellion, repealed all duties except one of three pence per 
pound on tea. The colonies still resisted the imposition of 
this tax, and Massachusetts, having been so open in her oppo- 
sition, British troops were quartered in Boston. Three vessels 
brought cargoes of tea to Boston, when an organized party, 
disguised as Indians, boarded the ships and threw the tea into 
the sea. News of this act having reached England, Parliament 
ordered the port of Boston to be closed July 4, 1774. News of 
this action by Parliament reached Virginia on June 1, 1774, 
when the House of Burgesses was in session, and being dissolved 
by Lord Dunmore, the Royalist Governor, met on June 2, 1774, 
at Raleigh Tavern in Williamsburg, and adopted a resolution 
calling for a General Congress of the colonies. 

The First Continental Congress met at Philadelphia 
September 5, 1774, of which Congress Peyton Randolph, of 
Virginia, was the presiding officer. 

On March 20, 1775, at a convention held at St. John's 
Church, Richmond, Patrick Henry, introducing a measure 
for arming and drilling a body of militia, made his famous 
speech, the closing words of which were: 

"If we wish to be free we must fight. It is too late to 
retire from the contest. War is inevitable and let it come. 
The next gale which sweeps from the North will bring to our 
ears the clash of resounding arms. I know not what course 
others will take, but as for me, give me liberty or give 
me death." 

On April 18, 1775, a detachment of British troops was 
ordered by General Gage, the British Commander at Boston, 
to proceed to Concord and destroy some military stores which 
the Americans had collected. At Lexington they were en- 
countered by a body of Massachusetts minute-men, and here 
the first blood of the Revolution was shed. The day after the 
battle of Lexington, there were minor encounters between 
American and British troops at Williamsburg and Fredericks- 
burg, Virginia, and Lord Dunmore adbicated, thus ending the 
Royal Government in Virginia after it had existed for more 
than 150 years. 



Provisional Government Established 

The first Provisional Government of an American Colony- 
was established at a convention called to meet in Richmond 
July 17, 1775, which organized as the Governing Body for the 
colony of Virginia a Committee of Safety, consisting of Edmund 
Pendleton, George Mason, John Page, Richard Bland, Thomas 
Ludwell Lee, Paul Carrington, Dudley Griggs, William Cabell, 
Carter Braxton, James Mercer and John Tabb. 

In the meantime, on May 10, 1775, the second Continental 
Congress had met in Philadelphia, and George Washington 
was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Armies. 

After the evacuation of Boston by the British in March, 
1776, the fighting was transferred to the South, engagements 
taking place in Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina. 

The American Colonies had been in an actual state of war 
with England for more than a year, although still protesting 
their loyalty to the Crown. This condition was obviously 
untenable, and the colonies commenced to consider independence. 
This movement was started by citizens of Charlotte, Meck- 
lenburg county, North Carolina, declaring the British Govern- 
ment suspended in May, 1775. 

The Third Continental Congress was called to meet in 
Philadelphia. Georgia first gave absolute freedom of action 
to her delegates. North Carolina, on April 12, 1776, em- 
powered her delegates directly to vote for independence. In 
the same month Massachusetts and Rhode Island took steps 
to give their delegates the same instructions. On May 15, 
1776, Virginia assembled in convention at Williamsburg, and 
i nstructed her delegates in Congress to propose that the United 
Colonies be declared independent. On the same day the Vir- 
ginia Convention adopted the famous "Bill of Rights" drawn 
by George Mason, which declared for "The equality of all men 
politically, that they possessed certain inherent rights, such as 
'the enjoyment of life and liberty' with the means of acquiring 
and possessing property and pursuing and obtaining happiness 
and safety." 

As a direct result of the resolution adopted by the Virginia 
Convention, Richard Henry Lee, delegate from Virginia, pre- 

8 



seated to the Continental Congress a motion, "That these 
United Colonies are and ought to be free and independent 
States, and that all political connections between them and 
the State of Great Britain is and ought to be dissolved." 

On October 19, 1781, Cornwallis having been decisively 
defeated by Washington at Yorktown, surrendered, and a 
preliminary treaty of peace was signed at Paris on November 
30, 1782. By the terms of this treaty, Great Britain acknowl- 
edged the independence of the thirteen former colonies. 

First Constitutional Government 

For some years after the close of the Revolution, the colo- 
nies were existing under a form of Confederate Government 
without any real central authority, with one house of Congress 
and no national executive. This form of government was not 
successful because of the divided authority and territorial 
disputes between the colonies, and, in consequence, a conven- 
tion of commissioners from the various colonies was called to 
meet in Philadelphia in May, 1787. The delegates from Vir- 
ginia were Washington, Madison, Randolph and Mason. Wash- 
ington was elected presiding officer of the convention. 

At this convention, which was in session from May to 
September, 1787, the Federal Constitution was proposed and 
submitted to ratification by conventions of the people of each 
State, with the provision that when nine States should ratify 
the Constitution it was to go into efTect in the States so ratifying. 
It was not until July, 1788, that as many as nine States agreed 
to the articles of the Constitution. 

Virginia gave her assent with the express proviso "That the 
powers granted under the Constitution, being derived from 
the people of the United States, may be resumed by them, 
whensoever same shall be perverted to their injury or oppres- 
sion." 

The Constitution providing for an election of a national 
executive. Presidential electors were chosen in January, 1789 
and on April 6, 1789, at the first meeting of the new Congress 
in New York, electoral votes were counted and Washington 



found to be the unanimous choice as President, with John 
Adams having the second largest number of votes, selected as 
Vice-President. 

On April 30, 1789, Washington was inaugurated as President 
of the United States, serving two terms, and refusing to consider 
a third term, John Adams, Vice-President, being elected as 
President, with Thomas Jefferson, Vice-President. Adams 
served one term and was succeeded by Thomas Jefferson, of 
Virginia, as President. 

Jefferson, following the example of Washington, declined 
to be a candidate for a third Presidential term, and James 
Madison, of Virginia, was elected President, serving from 1809 
to 1817. Thomas Jefferson was one of the foremost ex- 
ponents of the principles of democracy and the right of a free 
people to govern itself. 

During Jefferson's administration he purchased from 
France the Louisiana territory, including all of that land from 
the Gulf of Mexico on the south to Canada on the north, between 
the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains. 

In 1804 two young Virginians, Captain Meriweather Lewis 
and Captain William Clarke, set out to explore the northwest, 
ascending the Missouri River to its source, crossing the Great 
Divide, and descended the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean, 
claiming the northwest for the United States. 

John Marshall, another famous Virginian, was one of the 
greatest advocates of a Federated Government. He was born 
in Fauquier county, Virginia, September 24, 1755, served in the 
Legislature of Virginia, acted as special envoy to France under 
Adams, was elected to Federal Congress in 1798, appointed 
Secretary of State in 1800 and Chief Justice of the Supreme 
Court in 1801, serving in that capacity until his death in 1835. 
His leadership in the Federal Judiciary steadily strengthening, 
through decisions broadly interpreting the implied power of 
the Federal Government. 

Madison followed the precedent established by Washington 
and Jefferson, and retired at the end of his second term, James 
Monroe, of Virginia, being chosen as his successor. 

10 



The War Between the States 

Under what was considered by the agricultural States as 
oppression by the party in power, which was controlled by the 
manufacturing States of the north, and as the north was de- 
claring its intention to abolish slavery which the South at that 
time considered essential, acting under what was believed to be 
their right under the constitution, South Carolina, on December 
20, 1860, passed a resolution of secession to dissolve the Union 
under the compact entitled "Constitution of the United States 
of America." 

Mississippi passed a similar resolution on January 9, 1861, 
Florida on January 10th, Alabama on January 11th, Georgia 
on January 19th, Louisiana on January 26th, and Texas on 
February 1st. 

In the meantime delegates from the seceding States had 
assembled at Montgomery, Ala., and took steps to organize 
a central government. JefTerson Davis, of Mississippi, was 
elected President, and Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, 
Vice-President, under a constitution similar to that of the 
United States. Protective tariffs and government bounties 
were, however, expressly forbidden. The sovereignty of the 
States was explicitly recognized. • 

President Lincoln, in his inaugural address March 4, 
1861, having declared his intention of holding forts within the 
confines of seceding States and of collecting duties and imports, 
on April 8, 1861, a message was received at Charleston, S. C, 
informing Governor Pickens that the President proposed send- 
ing provisions to Fort Sumter. President Davis interpreted 
this as an act of war, and accordingly called upon the com- 
mandant at Fort Sumter to surrender. He refused, and on 
April 12, 1861, the Fort was bombarded by the Confederate 
forces, and on the following day the Fort was surrendered. 

President Lincoln, on April 15th, called for 75,000 volunteers 
to suppress sedition. This caused the eight States which had 
opposed secession to refuse to contribute their quota of the 
75,000 volunteers called for, and Virginia passed an ordnance 
of secession on April 17th, Arkansas on May 6th, North Carolina 
on May 20th, and Tennessee on June 8th. 

11 



Colonel Robert E. Lee, of the United States Army, refusing 
to proceed against his native State, resigned his commission in 
the United States Army in June, 1862, came to Richmond, 
and was at once made Commander-in-Chief of the Confederate 
forces. 

The roster of the great generals and leaders of Confederate 
armies include the names of many Virginians, among them, 
Thomas J. (Stonewall) Jackson,, J. E. B. Stuart, Joseph E. 
Johnston and A. P. Hill, and the soil of Virginia saw a major 
portion of four years fighting from Bull Run, the first pitched 
battle of the war, fought near Manassas, Virginia, July 21, 
1861; the great battle of Seven Pines, Jackson's great cam- 
paign in the Valley in 1862, the Battle of the Wilderness, the 
Seven days fighting around Richmond, the siege of Petersburg, 
and the final scene of the war, the surrender of Lee at 
Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865. 



i? 



Principal Events of World War 

June 28, 1914 — Murder at Sarajevo of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand. 

July 23, 1914 — Austro-Hungarian ultimatum to Serbia. 

July 28, 1914 — Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia. 

July 31, 1914 — Russia mobilizes. 

Aug. 1, 1914 — Germany declares war on Russia. 

Aug. 2, 1914 — German ultimatum to Belgium demanding free passage for 
troops across Belgium. 

Aug. 3, 1914 — Germany declares war on France. 

Aug. 4, 1914 — Great Britain ultimatum to Germany demanding that neu- 
trality of Belgium be respected. 

Aug. 4, 1914 — Great Britain declares war on Germany. 

Aug. 4, 1914 — President Wilson proclaimed neutrality of United States. 

Aug. 6, 1914 — Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia. 

Aug. 10, 1914 — France declares war on Austria-Hungary. 

Aug. 12, 1914 — Great Britain declares war on Austria-Hungary. 

Aug. 23, 1914 — Tsingtau bombarded by Japanese. 

Nov. 5, 1914 — Great Britain declares war on Turkey. 

Feb. 4, 1915 — Germany's proclamation of "War Zone" around British Isles 
after February 18, 1915. 

Feb. 10, 1915 — United States note holding Germany to "A strict account- 
ability if any merchant vessel of the United States is destroyed, or 
any American citizens lose their lives." 

Feb. 18, 1915 — German official "blockade" of Great Britain commenced. 
German submarines begin campaign of piracy and pillage. 

April 22, 1915 — German embassy sends out warning against embarkation on 
vessels belonging to Great Britain. 

May 7, 1915 — Cunard Line Steamship "Lusitania" sunk by German sub- 
marine; 1,154 lives lost, 114 being Americans. 

May 13, 1915 — American note protests against submarine policy culminating 
in sinking of Lusitania. 

May 23, 1915 — Italy declares war on Austria-Hungary. 

July 21, 1915 — Third American note on "Lusitania" case declares Germany's 
communication of July 8th "very unsatisfactory." 

Sept. 8, 1915 — United States demands recall of Austria-Hungarian Am- 
bassador, Dr. Dumba. 

Oct. 14, 191S — Great Britain declares war on Bulgaria. 

Dec. 4, 1915 — United States Government demands recall of Captain Boy-Ed, 
German Naval Attache and Captain Franz von Papen, military 
Attache. 

13 



Dec. 10, 1915 — Boy-Ed and Von Papen recalled. 

March 24, 1916 — French Steamer, "Sussex," torpedoed without warning. 

Eighty passengers, including American citizens, killed or wounded. 
March 27-29, 1916 — United States Government instructs American Ambassa- 
dor at Berlin to inquire into the sinking of "Sussex" and other vessels. 
April 18, 1916 — United States declares ultimatum that unless Germany 

abandons present methods of submarine warfare, the United States 

will sever diplomatic relations. 
May 4, 1916 — Reply of Germany acknowledges sinking of "Sussex," and in 

the main meets demands of the United States. 
May 27, 1916 — President Wilson makes address before League to enforce 

peace, and says the United States is ready to join any practical league 

for preserving peace and guaranteeing political and territorial integrity 

of nations. 
Oct. 8, 1916 — German submarine appears off American Coast and sinks 

British passenger steamer "Stephano." 
Aug. 27, 1916 — Roumania enters war on side of allies. 
Aug. 27, 1916 — Italy declares war on Germany. 
Jan. 22, 1917 — President Wilson addressed the Senate, giving his ideas of 

steps necessary for World Peace. 
Jan. 31, 1917 — Germany announces unrestricted submarine warfare in 

specified zones. 
Feb. 3, 1917 — The United States severs diplomatic relations with Germany; 

Ambassador Bernstorff dismissed. 
Feb. 12, 1917 — The United States replies to Swiss Mission that it will not 

negotiate with Germany until submarine order is withdrawn. 
Feb. 26, 1917 — President Wilson asks authority to arm merchant ships. 
Feb. 28, 1917 — "Zimmerman" note revealed. 
March 11-15, 1917 — Revolution in Russia, leading to abdication of Czar 

Nicholas II., March ISth. 
March 12, 1917 — United States announces that an armed guard would be 

placed on American merchant vessels sailing through the war zones. 
March 26, 1917 — The United States refused the proposal of Germany to 

interpret and supplement the Prussian Treaty of 1799. 
March 27, 1917 — Minister Brand Whitlock and American Relief Commission 

withdrawn from Belgium. 
April 2, 1917 — President Wilson asks Congress to declare the existence of a 

state of war with Germany. 
April 6, 1917 — The United States declares war on Germany. 
April 8, 1917 — Austria-Hungary severs diplomatic relations with the United 

States. 
April 20, 1917 — Turkey severs diplomatic relations with the United States. 
May 4, 1917 — American destroyers begin co-operation with British Navy in 

war zone. 
May 17, 1917 — Russian Provincial Government reconstructed. Kerensky 

becomes Minister of War. 

u 



May 18, 1917 — President Wilson signs Selective Service Act. 

June 3, 1917 — American mission to Russia lands at Vladivostok. Returns 
to America August 3d. 

June 12, 1917 — King Constantine, of Greece, forced to abdicate. 

June 15, 1917— Subscriptions close to First Liberty Loan ($2,000,000,000. 
offered, $3,035,226,850 subscribed). 

June 26, 1917 — First American troops reach France. 

June 29, 1917 — Greece enters war with Germany and her allies. 

July 20, 1917 — Drawing at Washington of names for first army under Selec- 
tive Service Act. 

July 20, 1917 — Kerensky becomes Premier of Russia. 

Aug. 10, 1917 — United States Food and Fuel control bill passed. 

Sept. 15, 1917 — Russia proclaimed a Republic. 

Oct. 27, 1917— Second Liberty Loan closed ($3,000,000,000 oflfered; $4,617- 
532,300 subscribed). 

Oct. 26, 1917 — Brazil declared war on Germany. 

Nov. 3, 1917 — First clash of Americans with German soldiers. 

Nov. 7, 1917 — Overthrow of Kerensky and Provisional Government of 
Russia by the Bolsheviki. 

Dec. 5, 1917 — President Wilson, in message to Congress, advises war on 
Austria. 

Dec. 6, 1917 — United States Destroyer "Jacob Jones" sunk by submarine 
with loss of over 40 Americans. 

Dec. 6, 1917 — Explosion of munitions vessel wrecks Halifax, N. S. 

Dec. 6, 1917 — Armed revolt overthrows Pro-Ally Administration in Portugal. 

Dec. 7, 1917 — United States declared war on Austria-Hungary. 

Dec. 11, 1917 — Jerusalem surrenders to British. 

Dec. 15, 1917 — Armistice signed between Germany and the Bolsheviki 
Government of Russia at Brest-Litovsk. 

Dec. 23, 1917 — Peace negotiations opened at Brest-Litovsk between Bolshe- 
viki Government of Russia and Central Powers. 

Dec. 26, 1917 — President Wilson issues proclamation taking over railroads 
and appointing W. G. McAdoo, as Director-General, taking effect at 
noon, December 28th. 

Dec. 30, 1917 — Bulgaria accepts the Russian peace proposals. 

Jan. 30, 1918 — Secretary Baker announces that American troops are in action 
in France, General Pershing having taken over a small sector of the 
front northwest of Toul. 

Feb. 5, 1918 — First outward bound troop ship to fall to German submarines 
is the Tuscania, torpedoed oR the north coast of Ireland. Of 2,000 
soldiers carried, less than 100 perished. 

Feb. 9, 1918 — First peace treaty of the great war signed by the Central .\llied 
Powers and the Ukranian Republic. 

March 3, 1918 — Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed by Germany and the Bolshe- 
viki Government of Russia. 

15 



March 4, 1918 — United States Naval Collier "Cyclops" leaves West Indies for 

an Atlantic port and disappears, leaving no trace. Her crew of 15 officers, 

221 men and 57 passengers are counted on the navs' list as "lost." 
March 5, 1918 — Preliminary Treaty signed by Roumania and the Central 

Powers. 
March 11, 1918 — First wholly American raid is made in sector north of Toul. 
March 20, 1918 — First Liberty Motor in actual service arrives in Washington, 

driving a navy flying boat from Norfolk, Va. 
March 21, 1918 — Great German offensive begun with attack on British line 

on a fifty-mile front. 
March 23, 1918 — Paris first shelled by long range gun located behind the 

German lines about seventy-five miles away. About ten killed and 

fifteen wounded in first bombardment. 
March 29, 1918 — General Ferdinand Foch named Commander-in-Chief of all 

the allied forces in the West. 
March 29, 1918 — (Good Friday) Shell from German long range gun strikes a 

church in Paris, killing seventy-five and wounding ninety, mostly 

women and children. 
March 30, 1918 — General Pershing places American forces at the disposal of 

Marshall Foch. 
April 16, 1918 — Bolo Pasha executed at Vincennes, France. 
April 22, 1918 — British Navy raids Zeebrugge and Ostend, sinking several 

old boats loaded with cement across channel and blocking both harbors. 
May 4, 1918— Third Liberty Loan closes— $4,170,019,659 subscribed. 
May 7, 1918 — Nicaragua declares war on Germany and her allies. 
May 10, 1918 — The Roumanian Government announces the conclusion of 

peace. 
May 17, 1918 — Major Raoul Lufberry, leading American "Ace" killed. 
May 22, 1918 — Second great German offensive of 1918 begins. 
May 24, 1918 — Costa Rica declares war on the Central Powers. 
May 27, 1918 — Great German offensive between Soissons and Rheims 

started, penetrating in four days to a depth of twenty miles. 
May 30, 1918 — The "Agawam," first completed fabricated ship, was launched 

at Newark, N. J. 
May 31, 1918 — German drive reaches the Marne, occupying front of thirteen 

miles between Chateau-Thierry and Verneuil. 
June 2, 1918 — German U-boat, operating sixty-five miles off American coast 

sinks six vessels. 
June 12, 1918 — General Pershing reports American troops have completely 

cleaned Belleau-Wood. 
June 15, 1918 — Austria launches gigantic drive against Italian forces in 

Italy. This drive completely checked within a week. 
June 22, 1918 — It is announced that more than 900,000 American troops 
have left for Europe, and that the United States is five months ahead 
of its program. 

16 



June 24, 1918 — American forces begin action against German troops en- 
trenched in Belleau-Wood. 

June 27, 1918 — A short and indecisive engagement was fought between four 
British torpedo boat destroyers and eight enemy boats in the North 
Sea. 

June 27, 1918 — Announced that first American troops landed in Italy. 

June 30, 1918 — It is announced by the War Department that the first ship 
carr>'ing military personnel for France sailed May 8, 1917, embarka- 
tions being rapidly increased until on June 30, 1918, 1,019,800 men 
had been transported to France, and, due to efficient protection 
afforded by the navy, only 291 were lost at sea. 

July 1, 1918 — American forces, in a night attack, captured the village of 
Vaux, close to Chateau-Thierry, and take one thousand prisoners. 

July 4, 1918 — Fifty-four steel and forty-one wooden vessels are launched in 
shipyards of the United States with total tonnage of nearly 500,000 
tons. 

July 14, 1918 — Lieutenant Quentin Roosevelt killed when his airplane was 
brought down in flames during a fight near Chateau-Thierry. 

July 15, 1918 — The fifth and last German offensive of 1918 begins on a fifty- 
mile front east and west of Rheims, made a maximum gain of six 
miles and an average gain of two miles. Fourteen miles of the fifty- 
mile front were held by American troops, the greater part between 
Chateau-Thierry and Rheims. On this front their initial gain was 
three kilometers, but in a counter-attack the American forces regained 
all lost ground. It was here that one American general, being ordered 
to retire, sent the following reply to his French superior officer: 
'We regret being unable on this occasion to follow the 
counsels of our masters, the French, but the American flag 
has been forced to retire. This is unendurable, and none 
of our soldiers would understand their not being asked to do 
whatever is necessary to re-establish a situation which is 
humiliating to us and unacceptable to our country's honor. 
We are going to counter-attack." 

July 15, 1918 — ^Hayti declares war on Germany. 

July 18, 1918 — Great allied counter-offensive started with attack on German 
flank between Soissons and Chateau-Thierry. 

July 18, 1918 — Allied advance continues on front of approximately twenty- 
eight miles, the French and American forces making important gains, 
taking more than twenty villages and several thousand prisoners. 

July 21, 1918 — American and French troops cross Marneand capture Chateau- 
Thierry. 

July 21, 1918 — General Pershing reports prisoners captured by American 
troops since July 15th, total 17,000 with 560 guns. 

July 21, 1918 — German submarine sinks Lehigh Railroad Tug and four 
barges three miles off coast of Cape Cod. 

17 



July 26, 1918 — French headquarters state that allied armies have regained 
practically all of the ground captured in German offensive begun 
July 15th, and, in addition, have gained much other territory. 

July 27, 1918 — German retreat along whole front north of Marne. American 
and allied forces make an advance of more than nine miles northeast 
of Chateau-Thierry. 

July 27, 1918 — Large force of American troops arrive on Italian front. 

Aug. 3, 1918 — Allied forces advance on thirty-one mile front toward Vesle 
river. 

Aug. 4, 1918 — Germans driven in confusion beyond Vesle, 8,400 prisoners 
and 133 guns being captured by American troops alone. 

Aug. 6, 1918 — Allied counter-ofifensive has completely wiped out German 
salient between Soissons and Rheims. 

Aug. 6, 1918 — Final Treaty signed by Roumania and Central Powers. 

Aug. 7, 1918 — A German submarine sinks Diamond Shoals Light Ship an- 
chored off Cape Hatteras. 

Aug. 21, 1918 — French army advances on front of fifteen miles to maximum 
depth of five miles northwest of Soissons. 

Aug. 21, 1918 — British troops capture Albert. 

Aug. 25, 1918 — Federal Court for New York district decides that "Lusitania," 
torpedoed by German submarine May 7, 1915, was an unarmed mer- 
chant vessel, and that its destruction was an act of a common pirate. 

Aug. 31, 1918 — President Wilson signs new draft bill providing for registra- 
tion on September 12th of all men between ages of eighteen and forty- 
five years. 

Sept. 1, 1918 — British troops capture Peronne. 

Sept. 3, 1918 — British troops capture Queant and 10,000 prisoners. 

Sept. 4, 1918 — It is announced that number of American troops embarked 
for all fronts has passed 1,600,000 mark. 

Sept. 4, 1918 — French and American troops advance three miles on front of 
twenty miles north of the Vesle while British troops advance on front 
of fifteen miles north of Peronne. 

Sept. 6, 1918 — On ninety-mile front French forces advance six miles and the 
British seven miles. 

Sept. 12, 1918 — 13,000,000 men between the ages of eighteen and forty-five 
register under draft bill. 

Sept. 12, 1918 — First American army attacks salient of St. Mihiel, and in 
two days entirely destroy it, capturing 20,000 prisoners. 

Sept. 15, 1918 — American forces advance three miles on thirty-three-mile 
front in direction of Metz. 

Sept. 18, 1918 — French and British troops advance three miles on twenty-two- 
mile front north and south of St. Quentin, capturing 10,000 prisoners. 

Sept. 19, 1918 — British and French forces in Palestine attack Turkish army 
on front of sixteen miles and at same time body of English cavalry 

18 



attack in rear of Turkish army. The two days' engagement results 
in virtually the destruction of entire Turkish army with capture of 
45,000 prisoners. 

Sept. 21, 1918 — It is announced that American soldiers embarked for overseas 
now amount to 1,750,000. 

Sept. 26, 1918 — First American army advances on front of twenty miles to 
depth of seven miles, capturing 5,000 prisoners. 

Sept. 27, 1918 — The Bulgarian Government proposes to the allies an armis- 
tice of forty-eight hours. The allied government insists on unequivo- 
cal submission, and on September 30th Bulgaria surrenders uncon- 
ditionally to the allies, hostilities ceasing officially at noon. 

Sept. 27, 1918 — British troops, aided by some American units, capture 
Cambria and 6,000 prisoners. 

Sept. 28, 1918 — Belgian and British troops attack between Dixmude and 
Ypres, taking 4,000 prisoners. 

Sept. 28, 1918 — Allied warships bombard Zeebrugge and Ostend. 

Sept. 29, 1918 — Belgian troops capture Dixmude. 

Oct. 2, 1918 — French troops capture St. Quentin. 

Oct. 5, 1918 — King Ferdinand, of Bulgaria, abdicates in favor of Crown 
Prince Borris. King Borris orders demobilization. 

Oct. 5, 1918 — Explosion occurs at Gillespie, near South Amboy, N. J., with 
more than 100 dead and property loss of $18,000,000. 

Oct. 5, 1918 — French and Americans make gain of three miles on thirty-mile 
front. 

Oct. 6, 1918 — French and American troops, in an attack near Rheims, make 
gain of eight miles. 

Oct. 6, 1918 — German Government asks President Wilson to open peace 
negotiations. 

Oct. 8, 1918 — British, French and American troops break through Hinden- 
burg line on twenty-mile front between Cambria and St. Quentin, 
with gain of three miles. American army on seven-mile front above 
Verdun gains two miles. 

Oct. 8, 1918 — American "Lost Battalion," which was surrounded in the 
Argonne Forest, is rescued virtually intact. 

Oct. 8, 1918 — President Wilson replies to Germany, stating that allied gov- 
ernment would not consider any discussion of peace so long as Ger- 
many continues to occupy invaded territory, and that negotiations 
will not be held with the authorities who are responsible for the war. 

Oct. 10, 1918 — British troops capture LeCateau, fifteen miles southeast of 
Cambria. 

Oct. 11, 1918 — 1,900,000 American troops now overseas. 

Oct. 12, 1918— Allied troops enter Nish. 

Oct. 13, 1918 — French forces capture Laon. 

Oct. 14, 1918 — Turkey requests President Wilson to take steps for peace. 

Oct. 14, 1918 — French and Belgian forces attack on twenty-mile front east 
of Ypres advancing five miles. 

19 



Oct. IS, 1918 — British warships enter Ostend. 

Oct. 16, 1918 — American troops capture Grand Pre. 

Oct. 16, 1918 — The British capture Lille and the fall of Douai is imminent. 

More than 15,000 prisoners are taken. 
Oct. 17, 1918 — Douai is captured by the British. 
Oct. 17, 1918 — British and Belgian forces capture Ostend; Bruges is entered 

by Belgian forces and Zeebrugge is abandoned by the Germans. 

The Belgian coast is now practically cleared of the enemy. 
Oct. 19, 1918 — German forces evacuate Brussels. 
Oct. 20, 1918 — Fourth Liberty Loan closed with subscriptions of 25,000,000 

people, totaling more than six billion dollars. 
Oct. 28, 1918 — Note received from Austria-Hungarian Government accepting 

President Wilson's conditions for an armistice and peace, and de- 
claring its "readiness "without awaiting results of other negotiations 

to enter into negotiations upon peace between Austria-Hungary and 

States of the opposing group for an immediate armistice upon all 

Austro-Hungarian fronts." 
Oct. 29, 1918 — Turkey presents peace proposals to the entente nations. 
Oct. 31, 1918 — Turkey surrenders, an armistice taking effect at noon. 
Nov. 2, 1918 — General Haig's forces surround and occupy Valenciennes. 
Nov. 3, 1918 — Italian forces capture Trent and Trieste. 
Nov. 4, 1918 — Armistice signed between Austria-Hungary and the allies. 
Nov. 4, 1918 — The Italian armies in their campaign against the Austrians 

captured a total of more than 300,000 prisoners. 
Nov. 5, 1918 — Germans retreat on seventy-five mile front from the Scheldt 

to the Aisne. 
Nov. 5, 1918 — Marshall Foch is authorized by the allies to communicate 

the terms of a proposed armistice between the allied nations and 

Germany. 
Nov. 6, 1918 — American forces push forward on their whole front of 101 

miles, and are now within sight of Sedan. 
Nov. 7, 1918 — Americans capture Sedan. 

Nov. 8, 1918 — Germany's Armistice delegates received by Marshall Foch. 
Nov. 9, 1918 — British troops capture Maubeuge, the last important French 

fortress in the hands of the Germans. 
Nov. 9, 1918 — Kaiser Wilhelm, of Germany, abdicates. 
Nov. 10, 1918 — Ex-Kaiser Wilhelm, of Germany arrives in Holland and 

is interned. 
Nov. 11, 1918 — British troops, early in the morning, capture Mons. 
Nov. 11, 1918 — Armistice between the Allied nations and Germany signed — 

hostilities to cease at 11:00 o'clock A. M. 
Nov. 12, 1918 — Emperor Charles, of Austria, abdicates. 
Nov. 13, 1918 — Premiers Llloyd-George and Clemenceau pressingly suggest 

that President Wilson attend at least the opening sessions of the 

Peace Congress. 
Nov. 13, 1918 — The Allied fleet passes through the Dardanelles. 

20 



Nov. 14, 1918 — More than 2,532 American prisoners in German camps are 

released. 
Nov. 21, 1918 — Ninety German war-ships surrender to the Admiral of the 

Grand Fleet off the coast of Scotland. 
Nov. 22, 1918 — King Albert, of Belgium, enters Brussels. 
Dec. 4, 1918 — President Wilson sails for France to attend the Peace Con- 
ference at Versailles. 
Dec. 5, 1918 — Entire Turkish fleet surrendered to the Allies, and is interned 

in the Golden Horn. 
Dec. 13, 1918 — President Wilson arrives in Brest. 
Jan. 6, 1919 — Theodore Roosevelt, twenty-sixth President of the United 

States, dies at his home. Oyster Bay, N. Y. 
Jan. 18, 1919 — The Peace Congress opens in Paris. 
Feb. 15, 1919 — President Wilson sails from Brest for Boston. 
Feb. 23, 1919 — President Wilson arrives in Boston. 
March 5, 1919 — President Wilson sails again for France to participate in the 

deliberations of the Peace Congress. 
May. 7, 1919 — The Peace terms of the twenty-seven allied and associated 

Powers are communicated to the German delegates. These terms 

are: 

"A FIRM, JUST, AND DURABLE PEACE." 

Germany cedes to France Alsace-Lorraine (5,600 square 
miles); to Belgium 387 square miles of Rhenish Prussia; 
to Poland, part of Silesia, most of Posen, and all of West 
Prussia (27,686 square miles). 

Sarre Valley internationalized fifteen years, its coal- 
mines go to France. 

Luxemburg freed from German customs control. 

Danzig with adjacent territory internationalized, East 
Prussia isolated. 

About a third of East Prussia to decide by plebiscite 
between Germany and Poland. 

Schleswig to decide by a series of plebiscites between 
Germany and Denmark. 

Germany gives up all colonies and rights outside of 
Europe. 

Germany recognizes independence of German Austria, 
Poland, and the Czecho- Slovak state. 

Germany razes all forts thirty-three miles east of the 
Rhine; abolishes conscription; reduces armies to 100,000 
long-enlistment volunteers; reduces navy to 6 battle-ships, 
6 cruisers, 12 torpedo-boats, and personnel of 15,000; 
dismantles Helgoland, opens Kiel Canal to the world, and 
surrenders 14 ocean cables; is to have no submarines or 
war aircraft; stops import, export, and nearly all produc- 
tion of war-material. 

Germany agrees to trial of ex-Kaiser and other offenders 
against humanity. 

Germany accepts responsibility for all damages to allied 
governments and peoples, agrees to restore invaded areas 

21 



and to pay for shipping destruction ton for ton. The first 
indemnity payment is 85,000,000,000, further payments 
expected to bring total to at least 525,000,000,000, and 
details to be arranged by an allied commission. 

Partial allied military occupation of Germany until 
reparation is made. 

Germany accepts League of Nations without present 
membership; the League to control mandatories, inter- 
nationalized territory, and plebiscites. 

Germany grants free allied transit through territories 
and certain allied control of finance, business, and trans- 
portation on railroads, canals, and rivers. 

Germany accepts all arrangements to be made with her 
former allies. 

Germany annuls Russian and Roumanian treaties, and 
recognizes independence of Russian States. 

International labor organization and standards insti- 
tuted. 

June 28, 1919 — War with Germany formally ended by the signing of the 
Treaty of Peace by two plenipotentiaries representing Germany and 
by delegates of twenty-six of the .*\llied and Associated Governments. 
The Chinese delegates refuse to sign. 



22 



Statistics of the World War 

In all 28 nations were allied against the Central Powers- 
19 having severed diplomatic relations: 



DATES OF DECLARATION OF WAR 



ALLIED AND ASSOCIATED 
NATIONS 



Germany 



Austria- 
Hungary 



Turkey 



Bulgaria 





"Aug 4, 
Oct. 26, 
Aug. 14, 
Apr. 7, 

•Aug. 3, 
Aug. 4, 
July 2. 
Aug. 27. 
Aug. 23, 
Aug. 4, 
Aug. 9, 
Apr. 7, 

•Mch. 8, 

•Aug. 28. 

•Aug. 1, 


1 It 
1917 
1917 
1917 
1914 
1914 
1917 
1916 
1914 
1917 
1914 
1914 
1916 
1916 
1914 


•Aug. -28, 1914 












China 


Aug. 14, 1917 












France 


Aug. 12, 1912 
Aug. 12, 1914 
July 2. 1117 
May 23, 191,'; 
•Aug. 27. 1914 


Nov. 5, 1914 
Nov. 5, 1914 


Oct. 18. 1915 
Oct. 15. 1915 


Greece 


July >,1'1- 


Italy 


Aug. 20, 1915 


Oct, 19, 1915 














Aug. 7. 1914 
Dec. 10. 1917 

•Mch. 15.1916 
Amr. 27, 1916 

•Aug, 6, 1914 
May 24, 1915 

•July 28, 1914 
July 22, 1917 
Dec. 7, 1917 




















•Aug. 31, 1916 
Nov, 3, 1914 


•Aug. 31, 1916 




Oct. 19, 1915 








Aug. 9, 
July 22. 
Apr. 6, 


1914 
1917 
1917 


Dec. 2, 1914 


Oct. 14, 1915 






United States 













*War declared by a Central Power (named at top of column), 
tion was first made by an Entente Power. 



In all other cases declara- 



DATES 


OF SEVERANCE OF DIPLOM.-\TIC RELATIONS 


ALLIED AND ASSOCIATED 
NATIONS 


Germany 


Austria- 
Hungary 


Tur;ey 


Bulgaria 




Apr. 13. 1917 
Sept. 21, 1917 
Dec. 8, 1917 
Apr. 28. 1917 
June 17. 1917 
May 17. 1917 
May 18, 1917 
Oct. 6, 1917 
Oct. 7, 1917 
























































Peru 

























23 



SOME INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS 



DURATION OF THE WAR 



ALLIED AND ASSOCIATED 
NATIONS 



War Declared 

by Central 

Powers 



War Declared 
against Cen- 
tral Powers 



Duration of War 



Years 



Months 



Days 



Serbia 

Russia* 

France 

Belgium 

Great Britain., 

Montenegro 

Japan 

Portugal 

Italy. __ 

San Marino 

Roumaniat 

Greece 

United States. 

Panama 

Cuba 

Siam 

Liberia 

China 

Brazil 

Guatemala 

Nicaragua 

Haiti... 

Honduras 



July 28, 

Aug. 1, 
Aug. 3. 
Aug. 4. 
Nov.23. 
Aug. 9. 
Aug. 27. 
Mch. 9. 



1914 
1914 
1914 
1914 
1914 
1914 
1914 
1916 



Aug. 29, 1916 



Aug. 
Nov. 
Aug. 
Apr. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 23, 
Nov. 23, 
May 23, 
June 6, 
Aug. 27, 
Nov.23, ; 
Apr. 6, 
Apr. 7, 
Apr. 7, 
July 22, 
Aug. 4, 
Aug. 14. 
Oct. 26, 
Apr. 21, 
May 6, : 
July 12, 
July 19, 



1914 




3 


1914 




7 


1914 




3 


1917 




3 


1914 




3 


1914 




3 


1914 




9 


1914 




11 


1915 




5 


1915 




5 


1916 




6 


1916 




11 


1917 




7 


1917 




7 


1917 




7 


1917 




3 


1917 




3 


1917 




2 


1917 






1918 




6 


1918 




6 


1918 




3 


1918 




3 



14 

3 

8 

7 

7 

5 

19 

19 

19 

4 

10 

18 

5 

4 

4 

20 

8 

28 

16 

21 

5 

30 

2i 



•Treaty March ?. 1918. 



tTreaty March 6, 1918. 



At the outbreak of the war, the total male population of 
the United States was about 54,000,000. During the war some 
26,000,000 of them, or nearly half of all, were either registered 
under the selective-service act or were serving in the Army or 
Navy without being registered. 

The selective service law passed on May 19, 1917, and 
as subsequently amended, mobilized all the man power of the 
Nation from the ages of 18 to 45, inclusive. Under this act, 
24,234,021 men were registered and slightly more than 2,800,000 
were inducted into the military service. 

About 4,000,000 men served in the Army of the United 
States during the war (April 6, 1917, to November 11, 1918). 
The total number of men serving in the armed forces of the 
country, including the Army, the Navy, the Marine Corps, and 
the other services, amounted to 4,800,000. It was almost 
true that among each 100 American citizens 5 took up arms 
in defense of the country. 



24 



Of every 100 men who served, 10 were National Guards- 
men, 13 were Regulars, and 77 were in the National Army (or 
would have been if the services had n6t been consolidated). 

TWEU'E MAJOR OPERATIONS IN WHICH AMERICANS PARTICIPATED 



OPERATION 



Approximate 

number of 

Americans 

engaged 



West front — Campaign of 1918: 

German offensives, March 21 to July 18 — 

Somme. March 21 to April 6 . _ 


2.200 


Lvs. April 9 to 27. . 


500 


Aisne, May 27 to June 5._ __ _ . _ _ 


27.500 


Noyon-Montdidier, June 9 to IS 


27.000 


Champagne- Mame, July 15 to 18 _ . 


85.000 


Allied offensives, July 18 to November 11 — 


270.000 




54.000 


Oise-Aisne, August 18 to November 11_ 


85.000 




108.000 


St. Mihiel. September 12 to 16 . . 


550.000 




1.200.000 


Italian front — Campaign of 1918: 


1.200 







AMERICAN DATA FOR THE MEUSE-ARGONNE BATTLE 

Days of battle __ 47 

American troops engaged 1 .200.000 

Guns employed in attack 2.417 

Rounds of artillery ammunition fired 4.214,000 

Airplanes used 840 

Tons of explosives dropped by planes on enemy lines 100 

Tanks used 324 

Miles of penetration of enemy line, maximum 34 

Square kilometers of territory taken 1,550 

Villages and towns liberated 150 

Prisoners captured 16,059 

Artillerj' pieces captured 468 

Machine guns captured 2,864 

Trench mortars captured 177 

American casualties 1 20.000 

They captured 63,000 prisoners, 1,378 pieces of artillery. 



25 



CASUALTIES SUFFERED BY EACH DIVISION 



Division 


Battle 
Deaths 


Wounded 


Division 


Battle 
Deaths 


Wounded 


2nd 


4.419 
4,204 
3.102 
2.531 
2,713 
2,168 
2,587 
2.898 
1,990 
1,791 
1,652 
1,908 
1,002 
1,419 
1.338 
1.359 
1.387 


20.657 

19.141 

15.052 

13.746 

13.292 

13,000 

11,596 

10,986 

9,966 

9,427 

9,429 

7,975 

8,251 

7,394 

6.890 

6.800 

6.623 


35th 


960 

1.396 

1.141 

1.390 

940 

992 

591 

302 

185 

250 

97 

27 




1st 


79th 


6 194 


3rd 


80th 


5,622 
5 106 


28th 


91st .— 


42nd 


29th 


5 219 


26th 


37th 


4 931 


4th 


36th 




32nd 


7th .. 


1 516 


77th_ 


92nd 


1 495 


27th 


81st 

6th 


801 


30th 


479 


Sth_ 


88th 

Total 

Other units 

GrandtotaL. 


63 






89th . 


46.739 
2.170 


230 664 


82nd 


6,471 


78th 




90th.. - 


48.909 


237 135 







BATTLE CASUALTIES IN THE AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCES 

Killed in action 34.180 

Died of wounds __ 14.729 

Total dead __ 48.909 

Wounded severely __ 80,130 

Wounded slightly __ 110,544 

Wounded, degree undetermined 39.400 

Total wounded 230.074 

Missing in action 2,913 

Taken prisoner 4,434 

Grand total 286,330 



Total War Expenditures 

The direct money cost of the war to the United States 
to the end of April, 1919, was $21,850,000,000. Our expendi- 
ture in this war was sufficient to have carried on the Revolu- 
tionary War continuously for more than a thousand years at 
the rate of expenditure which that war actually involved. 

To date, in addition to this huge expenditure, loans were 
advajiced to the Allies of $8,850,000,000. 



26 



ESTIMATED TOTAL WAR EXPENDITURES OF PRINCIPAL NATIONS TO 
APRIL 30. 1919 

[All figures in billions of dollars and excluding normal expenses and loans to allies.] 



Billions of 
dollars 





38 


France 


26 




22 


Russia - _ . _ 


18 




13 


Belgium. Roumania, Portugal, Juga-SIavia._ 


5 

1 








123 








39 


Austria-Hungary _ 


21 




3 






Total Teutonic allies 


63 






Grand total 


186 







The total direct war costs amount to about $186,000,000,000, 
and of this sum the enemy countries spent about one-third, 
and those on the alHed side about two-thirds. 

Losses at Sea 

During the whole period of active hostilities the Army lost 
at sea only 200,000 deadweight tons of transports. Of this 
total 142,000 tons were sunk by torpedoes. No American 
troop transport was lost on its eastward voyage. For this 
splendid record the Navy, which armed, manned, and convoyed 
the troop transports, deserves the highest commendation. 



TONS OF CARGO SHIPPED FROM UNITED STATES FOR EACH ARMY SUPPLY 
SERVICE TO APRIL 30. 1919 





Short Tons 




Short Tons 




3.606.000 
1,50).000 
1.189.000 
285,000 
214.000 
208.000 
121.000 
1 1 ! ,000 


Aviation 

Red Cross 


61.000 




60.000 


Ordnance _ _- 


Y. M. C. A 

M iscellaneous 

Chemical Warfare 

Total 


45,000 




35.000 




11.000 


French material 

Signal Corps 




7.452.000 


Medical 









271 



BATTLE DEATHS IN ARMIES ENGAGED IN GREAT WAR. 1914-1918 

Russia _. 1.700,000 

Germany 1,600,000 

France _ _._ 1,385,300 

Great Britain 900.000 

Austria 800,000 

Italy _ 330.000 

Turkey _._ _ _ 250.000 

Serbia and Montenegro 125.000 

Belgium.- 1 02.000 

Roumania 100.000 

Bulgaria 100,000 

United States 48,900 

Greece 7,000 

Portugal 2,000 



Total. .._ _ _ 7,450.200 

Changes Wrought by World War 

Gains and Losses of Five-Year Struggle and 
Revisions of Territorial and Political Lines that 
Follow in the Wake of Peace Treaties. 

Germany — Lost Alsace-Lorraine, the Saar Valley (temporarily), 
Posen, parts of Silesia and Western Prussia; HohenzoUerns 
and all ruling princes of the respective German states 
deposed; republic proclaimed. 

Austria-Hungary — Completely dismembered, with the inde- 
pendent states of Jugo-Slavia, Czecho-Slovakia. Austria 
and Hungary created. 

Turkey — Relegated to position of obscurity in the interior of 
Asia Minor (fate of Constantinople still undecided). Prob- 
ably will lose Palestine, Armenia, Mesopotamia and Arabia 
under the peace treaty. Young Turk government ousted. 

Bulgaria — ^Terms of peace affecting country still unknown. 
May be compelled to surrender Dobrudja to Roumania and 
the whole of Macedonia to Serbia. Czar Ferdinand forced 
to abdicate and his son Boris installed as ruler. 

Great Britain — Probably will be awarded Mesopotamia; pro- 
tectorate over Egypt recognized; given mandate over 
greater part of German colonies in Africa; may administer 
affairs of Palestine. 

France — Received Alsace-Lorraine, the Saar Valley (tempo- 
rarily), complete control of Morocco and control of large 
colonial possessions in Africa. 

28 



Italy — Acquired territories embraced within "Italia Irredenta," 
including Trent, the Trentino and Trieste and part of the 
Adriatic coast opposite the Italian peninsula. Definite 
boundaries await treaty. 

Japan — Gained concessions in the Province of Shantung, 
wrested from Germany, and mandate over German posses- 
sions in the North Pacific. 

Russia — Empire completely dissolved with fall of Romanoff 
dynasty. Independent republics set up in Finland, Lith- 
uania, Esthonia, Poland, Ukraine, Georgia, Siberia and 
North Russia. 

Belgium — Acquired recognition as independent power and 
slight territorial compensations from Germany in the 
district of Malmedy, and obtained revision of the treaty 
of 1839, strengthening her defensive position. 

Poland — Independent republic formed, with additions of parts 
of Silesia and Western Prussia and the whole of Posen, 
together with Russian territory. 

Jugo-Slavia — Independent kingdom set up composed of the 
territories inhabited by the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. 

Greater Roumania — Created by the additionof Austrian, Rus- 
sian and probably Bulgarian territory. Treaties are now 
being drawn. 

Greece — Received mandate over Smyrna, and will receive 
important territorial acquisitions in treaties now being 
drawn with Bulgaria and Turkey. King Constantine 
dethroned and his son Alexander put in his place. 

Denmark — May be awarded Schleswig, in whole or in part, in 
accordance with the results of the forthcoming plebiscite. 

Albania — Under protection of Italy. 



29 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




003 514 042 6 



